Angular单元测试与E2E测试
本文介绍了Angular 7单元测试和E2E测试的配置与测试方法。使用Angular CLI新建工程,已配置好基础测试环境,生成了测试样例代码。默认,Angular单元测试使用Jasmine测试框架和Karma测试运行器,E2E测试使用Jasmine和Protractor测试框架。
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配置单元测试
Jasmine是用于测试JavaScript的行为驱动(Behavior-Driven)框架,不依赖于任何其他JavaScript框架。
Karma是测试运行器,为开发人员提供了高效、真实的测试环境,支持多种浏览器,易于调试。
配置文件
单元测试配置文件test.ts和karma.conf.js:
test.ts
import 'zone.js/dist/zone-testing';
import { getTestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import {
BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
platformBrowserDynamicTesting
} from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing';
declare const require: any;
// First, initialize the Angular testing environment.
getTestBed().initTestEnvironment(
BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
platformBrowserDynamicTesting()
);
// Then we find all the tests.
const context = require.context('./', true, /\.spec\.ts$/);
// And load the modules.
context.keys().map(context);
默认,测试文件扩展名必须为.spec.ts。
karma.conf.js
module.exports = function (config) {
config.set({
basePath: '',
frameworks: ['jasmine', '@angular-devkit/build-angular'],
plug×××: [
require('karma-jasmine'),
require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
require('karma-jasmine-html-reporter'),
require('karma-coverage-istanbul-reporter'),
require('@angular-devkit/build-angular/plug×××/karma')
],
client: {
clearContext: false // leave Jasmine Spec Runner output visible in browser
},
coverageIstanbulReporter: {
dir: require('path').join(__dirname, '../coverage'),
reports: ['html', 'lcovonly'],
fixWebpackSourcePaths: true
},
reporters: ['progress', 'kjhtml'],
port: 9876,
colors: true,
logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,
autoWatch: true,
browsers: ['Chrome'],
singleRun: false
});
};
默认,使用Chrome浏览器,可生成单元测试报告和覆盖率报告,覆盖率报告保存在根目录coverage文件夹内,启用autoWatch。
singleRun默认为false,如设为true则测试结束后会自动退出并根据测试结果返回代码0或1,常用于CI环境。
浏览器配置
Karma支持的浏览器:
- Chrome
- ChromeCanary
- ChromeHeadless
- PhantomJS
- Firefox
- Opera
- IE
- Safari
可同时配置多个浏览器进行测试,要启用其他浏览器,需安装依赖,比如启用Firefox:
npm i karma-firefox-launcher --save-dev
然后在karma.conf.js内增加配置:
...
require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
require('karma-firefox-launcher'),
...
browsers: ['Chrome', 'Firefox'],
...
运行测试
用CLI创建App生成了一个单元测试文件app.component.spec.ts。执行CLI命令ng test即可运行单元测试:
ng test
运行后在控制台输出测试结果并打开浏览器:
浏览器会显示测试结果,总测试数,失败数。在顶部,每个点或叉对应一个测试用例,点表示成功,叉表示失败,鼠标移到点或叉上会显示测试信息。点击测试结果中的某一行,可重新运行某个或某组(测试套件)测试。
常用参数:
--browsers 指定使用的浏览器
--code-coverage 输出覆盖率报告
--code-coverage-exclude 排除文件或路径
--karma-config 指定Karma配置文件
--prod 启用production环境
--progress 默认为true,将编译进度输出到控制台
--watch 默认为true,代码修改后会重新运行测试
自定义Launcher
karma-chrome-launcher、karma-firefox-launcher、karma-ie-launcher等均支持自定义Launcher,customLaunchers与--browsers结合使用可满足多种环境的测试需求。每种浏览器支持的自定义属性请查看Karma Browsers文档。
比如,CI环境下常用Headless模式,不需显示浏览器界面,在karma.conf.js中增加如下配置:
browsers: ['Chrome'],
customLaunchers: {
ChromeHeadlessCI: {
base: 'ChromeHeadless',
flags: ['--no-sandbox']
}
},
运行如下命令进行测试:
ng test --watch=false --progress=false --browsers=ChromeHeadlessCI
测试覆盖率
运行如下命令生成测试覆盖率报告,报告保存在项目根目录下的coverage文件夹内:
ng test --watch=false --code-coverage
如想每次测试都生成报告,可修改CLI配置文件angular.json:
"test": {
"options": {
"codeCoverage": true
}
}
设置排除的文件或路径
ng test --watch=false --code-coverage --code-coverage-exclude=src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts --code-coverage-exclude=src/app/hero-search/*
同样可以在angular.json中配置:
"test": {
"options": {
"codeCoverage": true,
"codeCoverageExclude": ["src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts", "src/app/hero-search/*"]
}
}
设定测试覆盖率指标
编辑配置文件karma.conf.js,增加如下内容:
coverageIstanbulReporter: {
reports: [ 'html', 'lcovonly' ],
fixWebpackSourcePaths: true,
thresholds: {
statements: 80,
lines: 80,
branches: 80,
functions: 80
}
}
测试报告中达到标准的背景为绿色:
注意:与CI集成时不要设置覆盖率指标,否则若未到达指标,Job会终止。
LCOV
coverageIstanbulReporter中reports参数为[ 'html', 'lcovonly' ],会生成html和lcov两种格式的报告。报告文件lcov.info可与Sonar集成,在Sonar管理界面配置LCOV Files路径,即可在Sonar中查看测试情况。
另外,与Sonar集成时需配置TypeScript Exclusions,排除.spec.ts,否则统计覆盖率时将包含测试文件。
编写测试
第一个测试
使用CLI创建Service、Component等时会自动创建测试文件,我们以创建App时生成的测试文件app.component.spec.ts为例:
import {async, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing';
import {RouterTestingModule} from '@angular/router/testing';
import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
describe('AppComponent', () => {
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
it('should create the app', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
const app = fixture.debugElement.componentInstance;
expect(app).toBeTruthy();
});
it(`should have as title 'hello'`, () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
const app = fixture.debugElement.componentInstance;
expect(app.title).toEqual('hello');
});
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});
});
测试结构
从上例我们可以了解测试的主要结构:
describe函数中包含了beforeEach和it两类函数。describe相当于Java测试中的suite,也就是测试组,其中可以包含多个测试用例it。一般一个测试文件含有一个describe,当然也可以有多个。beforeEach相当于Java测试中的@Before方法,每个测试用例执行前调用一次。同样,还有afterEach、beforeAll、afterAll函数,afterEach在每个测试用例执行后调用一次,beforeAll、afterAll相当于Java测试中的@BeforeClass、@AfterClass方法,每个describe执行前后调用一次。
describe和it的第一个参数是测试说明。一个it中可以包含一个或多个expect来执行测试验证。
TestBed
TestBed是Angular测试中最重要的工具。
TestBed.configureTestingModule()方法动态构建TestingModule来模拟Angular @NgModule,支持@NgModule的大多数属性。
测试中需导入测试的组件及依赖。在AppComponent页面中使用了router-outlet,因此我们导入了RouterTestingModule来模拟RouterModule。Test Module预配置了一些元素,比如BrowserModule,不需导入。
TestBed.createComponent()方法创建组件实例,返回ComponentFixture。ComponentFixture是一个测试工具(test harness),用于与创建的组件和相应元素进行交互。
nativeElement和DebugElement
示例中使用了fixture.debugElement.nativeElement,也可以写成fixture.nativeElement。实际上,fixture.nativeElement是fixture.debugElement.nativeElement的一种简化写法。nativeElement依赖于运行时环境,Angular依赖DebugElement抽象来支持跨平台。Angular创建DebugElement tree来包装native element,nativeElement返回平台相关的元素对象。
我们的测试样例仅运行在浏览器中,因此nativeElement总为HTMLElement,可以使用querySelector()、querySelectorAll()方法来查询元素。
element.querySelector('p');
element.querySelector('input');
element.querySelector('.welcome');
element.querySelectorAll('span');
detectChanges
createComponent() 函数不会绑定数据,必须调用fixture.detectChanges()来执行数据绑定,才能在组件元素中取得内容:
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});
当数据模型值改变后,也需调用fixture.detectChanges()方法:
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
const app = fixture.componentInstance;
app.title = 'china';
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to china!');
});
可以配置自动检测,增加ComponentFixtureAutoDetect provider:
import { ComponentFixtureAutoDetect } from '@angular/core/testing';
...
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
{ provide: ComponentFixtureAutoDetect, useValue: true }
]
});
启用自动检测后仅需在数值改变后调用detectChanges():
it('should display original title', () => {
// Hooray! No `fixture.detectChanges()` needed
expect(h2.textContent).toContain(comp.title);
});
it('should still see original title after comp.title change', () => {
const oldTitle = comp.title;
comp.title = 'Test Title';
// Displayed title is old because Angular didn't hear the change :(
expect(h2.textContent).toContain(oldTitle);
});
it('should display updated title after detectChanges', () => {
comp.title = 'Test Title';
fixture.detectChanges(); // detect changes explicitly
expect(h2.textContent).toContain(comp.title);
});
同步和异步beforeEach
组件常用 @Component.templateUrl 和 @Component.styleUrls 属性来指定外部模板和CSS,Angular编译器会在编译期间读取外部文件。
@Component({
selector: 'app-banner',
templateUrl: './banner-external.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./banner-external.component.css']
})
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ BannerComponent ],
});
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(BannerComponent);
});
当用CLI的ng test命令运行含有如上同步beforeEach方法的测试时没有问题,因为会在运行测试之前先编译。若在非CLI环境下运行这些测试则可能失败。要解决这个问题,可以调用compileComponents()进行显示的编译。compileComponents()方法是异步的,必须在async()方法中调用:
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
调用compileComponents()会关闭当前的TestBed实例,不再允许进行配置,不能再调用任何TestBed中的配置方法,既不能调 configureTestingModule(),也不能调用任何 override... 方法。
常同时使用同步beforeEach和异步beforeEach来协同工作,异步的 beforeEach() 负责编译组件,同步的beforeEach()负责执行其余的准备代码。测试运行器会先调用异步beforeEach方法,运行完毕后再调用同步方法。
重构
示例中重复代码较多,我们用两个beforeEach来简化一下:
import {async, ComponentFixture, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing';
import {RouterTestingModule} from '@angular/router/testing';
import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
describe('AppComponent', () => {
let fixture: ComponentFixture;
let app: AppComponent;
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
beforeEach(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
app = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
it('should create the app', () => {
expect(app).toBeTruthy();
});
it(`should have as title 'hello'`, () => {
expect(app.title).toEqual('hello');
});
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});
});
也可以把这两个 beforeEach() 重构成一个异步的beforeEach():
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
})
.compileComponents()
.then(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
app = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
}));
依赖注入与Mock
对简单对象进行测试可以用new创建实例:
describe('ValueService', () => {
let service: ValueService;
beforeEach(() => { service = new ValueService(); });
...
});
不过大多数Service、Component等有多个依赖项,使用new很不方便。若用DI来创建测试对象,当依赖其他服务时,DI会找到或创建依赖的服务。要测试某个对象,在configureTestingModule中配置测试对象本身及依赖项,然后调用TestBed.get()注入测试对象:
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({ providers: [ValueService] });
service = TestBed.get(ValueService);
});
单元测试的原则之一:仅对要测试对象本身进行测试,而不对其依赖项进行测试,依赖项通过mock方式注入,而不使用实际的对象,否则测试不可控。
Mock优先使用Spy方式:
let masterService: MasterService;
beforeEach(() => {
const spy = jasmine.createSpyObj('ValueService', ['getValue']);
spy.getValue.and.returnValue('stub value');
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
// Provide both the service-to-test and its (spy) dependency
providers: [
MasterService,
{ provide: ValueService, useValue: spy }
]
});
masterService = TestBed.get(MasterService);
});
HttpClient、Router、Location
同测试含其它依赖的对象一样,可以mock HttpClient、Router、Location:
beforeEach(() => {
const httpClientSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('HttpClient', ['get']);
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
{provide: HttpClient, useValue: httpClientSpy}
]
});
});
beforeEach(async(() => {
const routerSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('Router', ['navigateByUrl']);
const locationSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('Location', ['back']);
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
{provide: Router, useValue: routerSpy},
{provide: Location, useValue: locationSpy}
]
})
.compileComponents();
}));
Component测试
- 仅测试组件类
测试组件类就像测试服务那样简单:
组件类
export class WelcomeComponent implements OnInit {
welcome: string;
constructor(private userService: UserService) { }
ngOnInit(): void {
this.welcome = this.userService.isLoggedIn ?
'Welcome, ' + this.userService.user.name : 'Please log in.';
}
}
Mock类
class MockUserService {
isLoggedIn = true;
user = { name: 'Test User'};
};
测试
...
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
// provide the component-under-test and dependent service
providers: [
WelcomeComponent,
{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }
]
});
// inject both the component and the dependent service.
comp = TestBed.get(WelcomeComponent);
userService = TestBed.get(UserService);
});
...
it('should ask user to log in if not logged in after ngOnInit', () => {
userService.isLoggedIn = false;
comp.ngOnInit();
expect(comp.welcome).not.toContain(userService.user.name);
expect(comp.welcome).toContain('log in');
});
- 组件DOM测试
只涉及类的测试可以判断组件类的行为是否正常,但不能确定组件是否能正常渲染和交互。
进行组件DOM测试,需要使用TestBed.createComponent()等方法,第一个测试即为组件DOM测试。
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ BannerComponent ]
});
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(BannerComponent);
const component = fixture.componentInstance;
expect(component).toBeDefined();
dispatchEvent
为模拟用户输入,比如为input元素输入值,要找到input元素并设置它的 value 属性。Angular不知道你设置了input元素的value属性,需要调用 dispatchEvent() 触发输入框的 input 事件,再调用 detectChanges():
it('should convert hero name to Title Case', () => {
// get the name's input and display elements from the DOM
const hostElement = fixture.nativeElement;
const nameInput: HTMLInputElement = hostElement.querySelector('input');
const nameDisplay: HTMLElement = hostElement.querySelector('span');
nameInput.value = 'quick BROWN fOx';
// dispatch a DOM event so that Angular learns of input value change.
nameInput.dispatchEvent(newEvent('input'));
fixture.detectChanges();
expect(nameDisplay.textContent).toBe('Quick Brown Fox');
});
嵌套组件
组件中常常使用其他组件:
对于无害的内嵌组件可以直接将其添加到declarations中,这是最简单的方式:
describe('AppComponent & TestModule', () => {
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
BannerComponent,
WelcomeComponent
]
})
.compileComponents().then(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
comp = fixture.componentInstance;
});
}));
...
});
也可为无关紧要的组件创建一些测试桩:
@Component({selector: 'app-banner', template: ''})
class BannerStubComponent {}
@Component({selector: 'router-outlet', template: ''})
class RouterOutletStubComponent { }
@Component({selector: 'app-welcome', template: ''})
class WelcomeStubComponent {}
然后在TestBed的配置中声明它们:
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
BannerStubComponent,
RouterOutletStubComponent,
WelcomeStubComponent
]
})
另一种办法是使用NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA,要求 Angular编译器忽略那些不认识的元素和属性:
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
RouterLinkDirectiveStub
],
schemas: [ NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA ]
})
NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA方法比较简单,但不要过度使用。NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA 会阻止编译器因疏忽或拼写错误而缺失的组件和属性,如人工找出这些 bug会很费时。
RouterLinkDirectiveStub
import { Directive, Input, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({
selector: '[routerLink]'
})
export class RouterLinkDirectiveStub {
@Input('routerLink') linkParams: any;
navigatedTo: any = null;
@HostListener('click')
onClick() {
this.navigatedTo = this.linkParams;
}
}
属性指令测试
import { Directive, ElementRef, Input, OnChanges } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({ selector: '[highlight]' })
/** Set backgroundColor for the attached element to highlight color and set the element's customProperty to true */
export class HighlightDirective implements OnChanges {
defaultColor = 'rgb(211, 211, 211)'; // lightgray
@Input('highlight') bgColor: string;
constructor(private el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.customProperty = true;
}
ngOnChanges() {
this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = this.bgColor || this.defaultColor;
}
}
属性型指令肯定要操纵 DOM,如只针对类测试不能证明指令的有效性。若通过组件来测试,单一的用例一般无法探索指令的全部能力。因此,更好的方法是创建一个能展示该指令所有用法的人造测试组件:
@Component({
template: `
Something Yellow
The Default (Gray)
No Highlight
`
})
class TestComponent { }
测试程序:
beforeEach(() => {
fixture = TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ HighlightDirective, TestComponent ]
})
.createComponent(TestComponent);
fixture.detectChanges(); // initial binding
// all elements with an attached HighlightDirective
des = fixture.debugElement.queryAll(By.directive(HighlightDirective));
// the h3 without the HighlightDirective
bareH2 = fixture.debugElement.query(By.css('h3:not([highlight])'));
});
// color tests
it('should have three highlighted elements', () => {
expect(des.length).toBe(3);
});
it('should color 1st background "yellow"', () => {
const bgColor = des[0].nativeElement.style.backgroundColor;
expect(bgColor).toBe('yellow');
});
it('should color 2nd background w/ default color', () => {
const dir = des[1].injector.get(HighlightDirective) as HighlightDirective;
const bgColor = des[1].nativeElement.style.backgroundColor;
expect(bgColor).toBe(dir.defaultColor);
});
it('should bind background to value color', () => {
// easier to work with nativeElement
const input = des[2].nativeElement as HTMLInputElement;
expect(input.style.backgroundColor).toBe('cyan', 'initial backgroundColor');
// dispatch a DOM event so that Angular responds to the input value change.
input.value = 'green';
input.dispatchEvent(newEvent('input'));
fixture.detectChanges();
expect(input.style.backgroundColor).toBe('green', 'changed backgroundColor');
});
it('bare should not have a customProperty', () => {
expect(bareH2.properties['customProperty']).toBeUndefined();
});
Pipe测试
describe('TitleCasePipe', () => {
// This pipe is a pure, stateless function so no need for BeforeEach
let pipe = new TitleCasePipe();
it('transforms "abc" to "Abc"', () => {
expect(pipe.transform('abc')).toBe('Abc');
});
it('transforms "abc def" to "Abc Def"', () => {
expect(pipe.transform('abc def')).toBe('Abc Def');
});
...
});
Testing Module
RouterTestingModule
在前面的测试中我们使用了测试桩RouterOutletStubComponent,与Router有关的测试还可以使用RouterTestingModule:
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
RouterTestingModule还可以模拟路由:
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule.withRoutes(
[{path: '', component: BlankCmp}, {path: 'simple', component: SimpleCmp}]
)
]
});
});
HttpClientTestingModule
describe('HttpClient testing', () => {
let httpClient: HttpClient;
let httpTestingController: HttpTestingController;
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [ HttpClientTestingModule ]
});
// Inject the http service and test controller for each test
httpClient = TestBed.get(HttpClient);
httpTestingController = TestBed.get(HttpTestingController);
});
afterEach(() => {
// After every test, assert that there are no more pending requests.
httpTestingController.verify();
});
it('can test HttpClient.get', () => {
const testData: Data = {name: 'Test Data'};
// Make an HTTP GET request
httpClient.get(testUrl)
.subscribe(data =>
// When observable resolves, result should match test data
expect(data).toEqual(testData)
);
// The following `expectOne()` will match the request's URL.
// If no requests or multiple requests matched that URL
// `expectOne()` would throw.
const req = httpTestingController.expectOne('/data');
// Assert that the request is a GET.
expect(req.request.method).toEqual('GET');
// Respond with mock data, causing Observable to resolve.
// Subscribe callback asserts that correct data was returned.
req.flush(testData);
// Finally, assert that there are no outstanding requests.
httpTestingController.verify();
});
...
});
调试
在浏览器测试结果页面,点击“DEBUG”按钮会打开新浏标签页并重新运行测试程序。按"F12"打开调试界面,然后进入Sources找到测试文件(CTRL+P),在测试程序中设置断点即可调试。
配置E2E测试
E2E测试使用Jasmine和Protractor测试框架,Protractor是Angular端到端测试框架。
安装Protractor
npm i -g protractor
安装后,node_modules\protractor\bin目录含有两个命令行工具protractor和webdriver-manager,其中webdriver-manager负责管理驱动、启停Selenium Server。
webdriver-manager命令:
clean removes all downloaded driver files from the out_dir
start start up the selenium server
shutdown shut down the selenium server
status list the current available drivers
update update selected binaries
version get the current version
更新驱动:
webdriver-manager update
默认安装chromedriver、geckodriver和selenium standalone,驱动目录为node_modules\protractor\node_modules\webdriver-manager\selenium,下载使用的url配置在webdriver-manager\config.json文件内:
"cdnUrls": {
"selenium": "https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/",
"chromedriver": "https://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/",
"geckodriver": "https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/",
"iedriver": "https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/",
"androidsdk": "http://dl.google.com/android/"
}
可以修改为其它CDN:
"cdnUrls": {
"selenium": "https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/selenium/",
"chromedriver": "https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/chromedriver/",
"geckodriver": "https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/geckodriver/",
"iedriver": "https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/",
"androidsdk": "http://dl.google.com/android/"
}
也可以使用参数--alternate_cdn:
webdriver-manager update --alternate_cdn=...
配置文件
使用CLI创建的App会生成一个e2e项目,其中包含测试配置protractor.conf.js及测试代码。
protractor.conf.js
const { SpecReporter } = require('jasmine-spec-reporter');
exports.config = {
allScriptsTimeout: 11000,
specs: [
'./src/**/*.e2e-spec.ts'
],
capabilities: {
'browserName': 'chrome'
},
directConnect: true,
baseUrl: 'http://localhost:4200/',
framework: 'jasmine',
jasmineNodeOpts: {
showColors: true,
defaultTimeoutInterval: 30000,
print: function() {}
},
onPrepare() {
require('ts-node').register({
project: require('path').join(__dirname, './tsconfig.e2e.json')
});
jasmine.getEnv().addReporter(new SpecReporter({ spec: { displayStacktrace: true } }));
}
};
默认,Protractor使用Jasmine测试框架,使用直连方式连接Chrome浏览器,测试文件扩展名为.e2e-spec.ts。
浏览器配置
Protractor支持Chrome、Firefox、Safari、IE等浏览器。
多浏览器
Protractor支持同时启动多个浏览器,一个浏览器时,在配置中使用capabilities选项;多个浏览器时,使用multiCapabilities:
multiCapabilities: [{
browserName: 'firefox'
}, {
browserName: 'chrome'
}]
另外需在package.json中增加配置:
"scripts": {
"webdriver-update": "webdriver-manager update"
}
在运行测试前更新浏览器驱动:
npm run webdriver-update
否则项目中的驱动不会更新(默认只有chrome驱动,运行webdriver-manager update仅更新全局的驱动),运行测试会报如下错误:
No update-config.json found. Run 'webdriver-manager update' to download binaries
浏览器选项
capabilities: {
'browserName': 'chrome',
'chromeOptions': {
'args': ['show-fps-counter=true']
}
},
capabilities: {
'browserName': 'firefox',
'moz:firefoxOptions': {
'args': ['--safe-mode']
}
},
更多选项请查看相应驱动ChromeDriver、GeckoDriver。
Selenium Server配置
使用Standalone Selenium Server时,需安装JDK。
更新driver后启动Selenium Server:
webdriver-manager update
webdriver-manager start
删除原配置中的directConnect、baseUrl:
directConnect: true,
baseUrl: 'http://localhost:4200/',
增加seleniumAddress(默认为http://localhost:4444/wd/hub):
seleniumAddress: 'http://localhost:4444/wd/hub',
运行测试
运行E2E测试:
ng e2e
常用参数:
--base-url Base URL for protractor to connect to.
--configuration (-c) A named configuration environment, as specified in the "configurations" section of angular.json.
--host Host to listen on.
--port The port to use to serve the application.
--prod When true, sets the build configuration to the production environment.
--protractor-config The name of the Protractor configuration file.
--webdriver-update Try to update webdriver.
driver安装好后,若未更新浏览器,不必每次都更新driver:
ng e2e --webdriver-update=false
如运行测试时报如下错误:
events.js:167
throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
^
Error: read ECONNRESET
at TLSWrap.onStreamRead (internal/stream_base_commons.js:111:27)
Emitted 'error' event
可尝试更新package后再测试:
npm i npm@latest -g
npm update
指定配置文件
不同的环境若配置不同,可使用不同的配置文件。
比如,在CI环境中启用Chrome Headless模式:
在e2e根目录下创建一名为protractor-ci.conf.js的新文件,内容如下:
const config = require('./protractor.conf').config;
config.capabilities = {
browserName: 'chrome',
chromeOptions: {
args: ['--headless', '--no-sandbox']
}
};
exports.config = config;
注意: windows系统要增加参数--disable-gpu
运行以下命令测试:
ng e2e --protractor-config=e2e\protractor-ci.conf.js --webdriver-update=false
编写E2E测试
第一个测试
import { AppPage } from './app.po';
describe('workspace-project App', () => {
let page: AppPage;
beforeEach(() => {
page = new AppPage();
});
it('should display welcome message', () => {
page.navigateTo();
expect(page.getTitleText()).toEqual('Welcome to hello!');
});
});
import { browser, by, element } from 'protractor';
export class AppPage {
navigateTo() {
return browser.get('/');
}
getTitleText() {
return element(by.css('app-root h2')).getText();
}
}
E2E测试与单元测试都使用了Jasmine,测试结构相同。Protractor提供了全局的browser、element、by,分别用来打开页面和查找元素。
Protractor
describe('Protractor Demo App', function() {
it('should add one and two', function() {
browser.get('http://juliemr.github.io/protractor-demo/');
element(by.model('first')).sendKeys(1);
element(by.model('second')).sendKeys(2);
element(by.id('gobutton')).click();
expect(element(by.binding('latest')).getText()).
toEqual('5'); // This is wrong!
});
});
- by.model('first') 查找元素ng-model="first"
- by.id('gobutton') 根据id查找元素
- by.binding('latest') 查找绑定变量的元素 {{latest}}
2018上海马拉松
参考资料
Angular Testing
Jasmine Behavior-Driven JavaScript
Karma
Protractor - end-to-end testing for Angular
新闻标题:Angular单元测试与E2E测试
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